Objects in Ruby are usually considered to be entity objects. Two objects may have matching attribute values but we do not consider them equal because they are distinct objects.

class Panserbjorn
  def initialize(name)
    @name = name
  end  
end

a = Panserbjorn.new('Iorek')
b = Panserbjorn.new('Iofur')
c = Panserbjorn.new('Iorek')

a == c #=> => false

# Three distinct objects:
a.object_id #=> 70165973839880
b.object_id #=> 70165971554200
c.object_id #=> 70165971965460

Value objects on the other hand, are compared by value. Two different value objects are considered equal when their attribute values match.

Symbol, String, Integer and Range are examples of value objects in Ruby.

a = 'Iorek'
b = 'Iofur'
c = 'Iorek'

a == b #=> false
a == c #=> true

# Three distinct objects:
a.object_id #=> 70300461022500
b.object_id #=> 70300453210700
c.object_id #=> 70300461053840

How can I create a value object?

Say I want a class to represent the days of the week and I also want instances of that class to be considered equal if they represent the same day. A Sunday object should equal another Sunday object. A Monday object should equal another Monday object, etc…

class DayOfWeek
  DAYS = {
    1 => 'Sunday',
    2 => 'Monday',
    3 => 'Tuesday',
    4 => 'Wednesday',
    5 => 'Thursday',
    6 => 'Friday',
    7 => 'Saturday'
  }.freeze

  def initialize(day)
    raise ArgumentError, 'Day outside range' unless (1..7).cover?(day)

    @day = day
  end

  def to_i
    day
  end

  def to_s
    DAYS[day]
  end

  private

  attr_accessor :day
end

Now, I am going to instantiate three objects to represent the days of the week on which I eat pizza, pay the milk man, and put out the recycling for collection:

pizza_day = DayOfWeek.new(5)
milk_money_day = DayOfWeek.new(2)
recycling_collection_day = DayOfWeek.new(5)

I know that I eat pizza for dinner the same day that I put out the recycling. I consider these objects to represent the same thing: Thursday. They should be equivalent. But they’re not:

pizza_day == recycling_collection_day #=> false

That’s because they’re not yet value objects. #== compares the identities of the objects.

I should override #==. I will use pry to find out where the method comes from so we can see how it derives its current behaviour.

pizza_day.method(:==).owner #=> BasicObject

Aha! The class specific meaning in this case is I want to compare its instances by value.

I know that these objects expose an integer. It makes sense to compare against that but I don’t want to compare a day with an actual integer. Thursday should not be equivalent to the number 5.

I also know that a DayOfWeek exposes a string as well. It follows that any equivalent days would return matching string and integer values:

class DayOfWeek
  # ...

  def ==(other)
    to_i == other.to_i &&
    to_s == other.to_s
  end

  alias eql? ==

  # ...
end

Bingo! We have value objects. pizza_day and recycling_collection_day are considered equivalent:

pizza_day == recycling_collection_day #=> true

I could override other comparison methods, #<==>. <=, <, ==, >=, > and between? as it makes sense to say that Monday is less than Tuesday or Friday is greater than Thursday but I have decided that’s not needed for now.

There is however, one more important step that I need to implement. These objects are equivalent, so when used as a hash key I would expect them to point to the same bucket.

Following that advice, I need to change the default behaviour of #hash. I already know that integers in Ruby are value objects. I can see that equivalent integers always return the same #hash.

a = 1
b = 1

a.object_id #=> 3
b.object_id #=> 3
1.object_id #=> 3

1.hash == 2.hash #=> false
[a,b,1].map(&:hash).uniq.count #=> 1
101.hash == (100 + 1).hash #=> true

a = 'Svalbard'
b = 'Svalbard'

# Note the different object ids:
a.object_id #=> 70253833847520
b.object_id #=> 70253847146940
'Svalbard'.object_id #=> 70253847210020

# The hash values of equivalent strings match:
'Svalbard'.hash == 'Bolvanger'.hash #=> false
[a,b,"Svalbard"].map(&:hash).uniq.count #=> 1
'Svalbard'.hash == ('Sval' + 'bard').hash #=> true

  def ==(other)
    to_i == other.to_i
  end

  alias eql? ==

  def hash
    to_i.hash ^ to_s.hash
  end

Per the example in the documentation, I’ve used the XOR operator (^) to derive the new hash value.

Now that I have overridden #hash, I can see that equivalent DayOfWeek instances point to the same bucket:

day_1 = DayOfWeek.new(1)
day_2 = DayOfWeek.new(1)

day_1 == day_2 #=> true

notes = {} #=> {}
notes[day_1] = 'Rest'
notes[day_2] = 'Party'

notes.length #=> 1
notes #=> {#<DayOfWeek:0x00007fa193e44170 @day=1>=>"Party"}

Structs

If I want multiple value objects, I might have to override #hash and #== for each class.

Structs are value objects by default. Of course we now have an idea of how this works. The documentation explains:

DayOfWeek = Struct.new(:day) do
  DAYS = {
    1 => 'Sunday',
    2 => 'Monday',
    3 => 'Tuesday',
    4 => 'Wednesday',
    5 => 'Thursday',
    6 => 'Friday',
    7 => 'Saturday'
  }.freeze

  def to_s
    DAYS[day]
  end

  def to_i
    day
  end
end

a = DayOfWeek.new(1)
b = DayOfWeek.new(2)
c = DayOfWeek.new(1)

a == c #=> true
a == b #=> false

Summary

We now know the difference between an entity object and a value object. We have learned that we need to override both #hash and #== if our value objects are to be used as hash keys. And, we have learned that structs provide value object behaviour straight out of the box.

What is a value object?

How can I create a value object?

Structs

Summary